How to Design a Steel Beam

In this tutorial we'll use WebStructural to work our way through each of these steps. When we're done, we'll end up with a simply supported two-span beam supporting a distributed load. WebStructural will help us determine the right size beam to safely handle bending demand, shear demand and deflection limits. We'll also ensure that the beam can resist lateral torsional buckling. Because we're designing a steel beam, we'll use AISC 360 design specifications for all capacity checks.

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Designing a steel beam is not as complicated as you may think. Follow these 6 steps to design most steel beams:

If you'd like to follow along, open WebStructural in a separate tab and take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the app. You should notice the interface is organized around the six steps described in this tutorial. Each step has an associated button, which will launch a dialog to input all necessary information for your steel design.

There are many different grades of steel, but usually one common grade for each shape type. There are also many different shape types used in steel construction including: W, HSS, C, and angles to name a few. One of the most commonly used shape types in steel construction is the W (wide flange) shape. W Shapes are usually made from Grade A992 steel. For our example, we'll be designing a W shape steel I-beam. Let's start by selecting the appropriate material for this shape.

This beam is roughly 8" deep (or tall), that's the first number in the shape name. The beam weighs 15 lbs/ft, the second number in the shape name. Typically, the lighter the beam, the less it will cost, so to design the most cost-effective beam, you'll want to choose one that weighs the least but meets your design criteria. After we enter all the design criteria and analyze our beam, we can always change the shape and material if it's not adequate for our loads (demand).

Click the "Change shape..." button to launch the Shape Dialog and select W8X15 from the list. You might need to scroll the list a little to find it.

For our example, the left span will be simply supported and the second span will be cantilevered.

Beam support conditions can be changed in WebStructural by simply clicking on a support (the gray triangle under the beam). Clicking a support will toggle through three support types (support conditions): Pinned, Fixed, or Free.

Click the Add or remove spans... button, then click the Add Right Span button to add a second span. Make sure Span 1 is set to 12'-0" and that Span 2 is set to 4'-0". Click the Close button to save your changes.

For our example we're going to add a span to the right and make it 4'-0". We'll also adjust the left-most span to 12'-0".

A span is the distance between points of support on a beam. A beam is often just a single span supported at both ends. However, that's not always the case. Beams can be supported anywhere along their length or they can be cantilevered beyond their end supports. To add or edit span lengths in WebStructural, simply click Add or remove spans... button or click the span dimension on the drawing. You can add a span to the left or right of existing spans.

For our example, the beam is continuously braced, which is the default bracing configuration in WebStructural. So, all we need to do is verify that the bracing button says "Continuous Bracing."

Bracing is an incredibly important, yet often overlooked aspect of beam design. When a beam is bent, tension and compression forces are introduced. For a simple span beam (one spanning between two pinned supports), the top of the beam will be in compression. It is these compression forces that can cause a beam to buckled out-of-plane (called lateral torsional buckling or LTB). To understand this type of buckling, think of compressing a short ruler between your hands. Now think of compressing a yard stick. Which one is more likely to flex and twist when you compress it? Clearly the longer, more slender one. It is this slenderness that is directly related to buckling. If we are able to brace a beam against this type of buckling, then we can often achieve greater bending strength. WebStructural allows you to specify bracings in many different common configurations. Span supports are automatically assumed to be bracing locations. Remember, continuous bracing assumes that the compression side of the beam is braced. If you need to find the compression side of your beam just take a look at the moment diagram. The compression side will be the inside of the curve where ever you see areas of high curvature (moment). If you're unsure about bracing conditions you can always conservatively assume the beam is completely unbraced.

Step 5: Add Loads

Load Cases

A beam can carry loads from many different sources. Below we list some of the more common types of Load Cases:

Dead loads (D) are those which are always present. Think of a concrete slab, or the weight of a wall. Those loads are always present and do not change.

Live Loads (L) are typically occupancy type loads. You are a type of Live Load in the structure you are in right now. American Society of Civil Engineers publishes a book (ASCE 7) with guidance for the amount of live load that should be used for different structures.

Roof Live Loads (Lr) are similar to Live Loads, but are specific to the roof and are typically related to construction or maintenance activities.

Snow Loads (S) are exactly want they sound like, loads cause by snow. Local building codes often dictate the appropriate ground or design snow loads to use. These are typically basic loads. Drift and unbalanced conditions should be accounted for as needed.

Other Loads are less common in beam design but can include Wind (W), Seimic or Earthquake (E), Rain (R), Lateral Earth (H), etc.

Load Types

Beams can be loaded in many ways, but most loadings that cause flexure can be described as either:

Uniform Loads These loads have units of force per unit length. With WebStructural, the default units for Uniform Loads is kips per foot (1 kip = lbs.). Uniform loads are often used to simplify repetitive and closely spaced point loads such as floor joists or roof rafters. To calculate the appropriate uniform load to apply to a beam, simply multiply the beams tributary area by the appropriate area load. Area loads and other structural loads are established by the American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE7 document and are given as pounds per square foot (psf).

Linear Loads Linear Loads are very similar to uniform loads, but rather than having a constant magnitude, vary along their length. Linear Loads also have units of force per length. Linear loads can be used to represent triangular snow drifts or beams with joists framing in at a skewed angle, or many other triangular and trapezoidal type loading.

Point Loads Point loads have units of force. The default in WebStructural is Kips (1 kip = lbs.). Point loads can be as simple as a reaction from another member such as a beam framing into another beam, or a column sitting on a beam.

Moments Moments are loads which cause rotation in the axis of a beam and have units of force times length. The default in WebStructural is kip-feet. Moments are more complex to those less familiar with them, but consider a column welded to the top of a steel beam. If a force is applied to top of the column, it will cause the beam it is attached to bend as well, just like a lever. This bending type reaction is a moment. If the force is in the direction of the beam axis (or span direction), it can be input as a moment in WebStructural. If the force applied is perpendicular to the beam axis, then a torsional moment will be introduced. WebStructural does not currently allow for torsional loads to be input.

Loading Our Beam

For our example, we'll use a dead load D = 0.63 k/ft and a live load L = 1.5 k/ft. We'll make sure to Include Self Weight too. You can edit loads by clicking any load on the drawing, clicking the Edit Loads... button above the drawing or from the main menu Edit &#; Loads...

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Click the Loads... button to pull up the Loads Dialog. The Loads Dialog allows you to add new loads or edit existing loads by clicking on a row from the Current Loads table.

Click on the first (and only) row in the Current Loads table. This will bring up the uniform load dialog. The first thing we need to do is adjust the load so that it covers the entire length of our beam. You can do this by clicking the button that says Right End. This will change the end position of the load to the end of the beam.

Now let's add our live load. Since our live load is the same length as our dead load we can simply add a magnitude for the Live Load case for our current uniform load. In the Uniform Load Dialog click the check box that says Show All Load Cases. In the load case table, enter 0.63 in the dead load box (box D) and 1.5 in the live load box (box L).

What about Load Factors? Depending on which design method you choose, (LRFD or ASD), the loads you enter will be factored for you. Simply enter the service (unfactored) loads.

Your model should now look like this

Step 6: Select a Design Method

Design Method (ASD or LRFD)

In the United States it is common to design steel with one of two methods: Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) or Allowable Stress Design (ASD). Both methods yield similar results.

Click the Change design spec... button to choose the method you would like to use. For this tutorial we'll be using LRFD

Design Equations

WebStructural will automatically factor your loads and apply them in the appropriate design equations. You can view these equation and exclude ones you don't want to include in analysis if you wish.

To exclude specific equations click on one in the equation table to toggle it.

Deflection

Deflection is an important measure of beam performance. Beams that have excessive deflection can be strong enough to carry their design loads, but perform poorly in service. Excessive deflections can lead to user complaints including: bouncy floors, cracked building finishes, instability for mechanical equipment, etc. The International Building Code (IBC) dictates the minimum deflection for various members and load types. Deflections are typically described as a ratio or L (span) over some value to allow for comparison and standardization. For example, the deflection ratio for 0.5" delection over a 12' beam is:

L / 288 = 12ft x 12 in/ft (span) / 0.5 in (deflection)

Now consider a beam that deflects 0.75" and is 18' long. It has an equivalent deflection ratio of L/288. In theory, these beams have the same deflection performance even though the longer span beam has a greater deflection. That is because the deflection is less noticeable over the greater distance. L/100 is often considered to be near the limit of deflection that is detectable to the human eye. L/360 is considered a minimum acceptable deflection due to live loads on floors. Keep in mind though, that is just a minimum. You can configure this setting in WebStructural for your specific use case.

Finishing Touches: Design and Report

Now all that is left to do is analyze our beam and review the results. Once you have input all of your criteria, simply click that big green Calculate button. This is where WebStructural shines. The app will perform a finite element analysis for the beam model. Using the design forces it calculates, it check design capacities for the beam using the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC 360) standards. If you happened to select an appropriate beam size, you will see a lot of green. That's good, it means the bending, shear, and deflection capacity ratios are less than 1.0. These values are a percentage of the capacity. For example, if your report reads "Bending 0.88," that means the beam configuration you selected is at 88% of its flexural capacity, according to AISC.

Click the green Calculate button under your drawing to analyze and design this beam.

If your report is red, your capacity ratios are greater than 1.0 and the beam does not meet the design criteria. This means you need a bigger beam. Simply choose a different shape with a larger moment of inertia and click the Calculate button again.

If you entered everything correctly, your design should look like this

If your design report is green, then congratulations!

The beam is adequately sized.

Now you can scroll down to see more details about the design, like reactions and plots of the moment, shear and defelction for each of the analyzed load cases.

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