Where do you get iron oxide from?

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Iron-oxides are usually formed by precipitation from iron-enriched groundwater.  Iron-oxide pigments consist of ferrous or ferric oxides, and impurities such as clay and/or manganese.  Natural iron-oxide pigments have been used for centuries as coloring agents.  Iron-oxide pigments are valued because they are nontoxic, weather resistant and they do not bleed or fade.  The pigments are extracted from a range of ores including hematite, goethite, limonite, siderite, and magnetite.  Hematite produces red pigments, limonite and goethite produce yellow and brown pigments, siderite produces brown and red pigments, and magnetite yields black pigments.

Virginia is one of four states actively producing natural iron-oxide pigments.  In , approximately 519 tons of natural iron-oxide were reportedly mined and produced from stockpiles in Virginia, making it the fourth largest producer in the United States (Potter, ).  Hoover Color Corporation in Hiwassee, Pulaski County, produces ochres, umbers and siennas.  Hoover Color also produces iron-oxide pigments from the Painter Mine in Wythe County.  Open pit methods are used to mine these natural iron-oxides.  The iron-oxides were formed by precipitation from iron-enriched groundwater, near the contact of the Cambrian (543 to 490 million years ago) Erwin Formation with the overlying Cambrian Shady Dolomite.  Deposits, associated with gossans formed from weathering of the Cambrian rocks, are concentrated as small bodies or pockets composed of insoluble clay and iron oxide.

 

Iron-oxide production in Virginia, -.

 

Selected References:
Gilmer, A. K., Enomoto, C. B., Lovett, J. A., and Spears, D. B., , Mineral and fossil fuel production in Virginia (-): Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Open-File Report 05-04, 77 p.

Potter, Michael J., , Iron-Oxide Pigments: U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, p. 41.1-41.3.

Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, , Geologic Map of Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, scale 1:500,000.

Class of chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen

Electrochemically oxidized iron (rust)

Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen. Several iron oxides are recognized. Often they are non-stoichiometric. Ferric oxyhydroxides are a related class of compounds, perhaps the best known of which is rust.[1]

Iron oxides and oxyhydroxides are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes. They are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, and in thermite, and occur in hemoglobin. Iron oxides are inexpensive and durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes. Colors commonly available are in the "earthy" end of the yellow/orange/red/brown/black range. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E172.

Stoichiometries

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Iron oxide pigment. The brown color indicates that iron is at the oxidation state +3. Green and reddish brown stains on a limestone core sample, respectively corresponding to oxides/hydroxides of Fe2+ and Fe3+.

Iron oxides feature as ferrous (Fe(II)) or ferric (Fe(III)) or both. They adopt octahedral or tetrahedral coordination geometry. Only a few oxides are significant at the earth's surface, particularly wüstite, magnetite, and hematite.

Thermal expansion

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• goethite (α-FeOOH)
• akaganéite (β-FeOOH)
• lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH)
• feroxyhyte (δ-FeOOH)
• ferrihydrite (Fe5HO8 · 4 H2O approx., or 5 Fe2O3 · 9 H2O, better recast as FeOOH · 0.4 H2O)
• high-pressure pyrite-structured FeOOH.

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  Once dehydration is triggered, this phase may form FeO2Hx (0 < x < 1).

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• green rust (Fe

  III
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  Fe

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  y

  OH3x + y &#; z (A&#;)z where A&#; is Cl&#; or 0.5

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Reactions

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4 Tips to Select the Perfect Kitchen Knife

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In blast furnaces and related factories, iron oxides are converted to the metal. Typical reducing agents are various forms of carbon. A representative reaction starts with ferric oxide:[9]

2 Fe2O3 + 3 C &#; 4 Fe + 3 CO2

In nature

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Iron is stored in many organisms in the form of ferritin, which is a ferrous oxide encased in a solubilizing protein sheath.[10]

Species of bacteria, including Shewanella oneidensis, Geobacter sulfurreducens and Geobacter metallireducens, use iron oxides as terminal electron acceptors.[11]

Uses

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Almost all iron ores are oxides, so in that sense these materials are important precursors to iron metal and its many alloys.

Iron oxides are important pigments, coming in a variety of colors (black, red, yellow). Among their many advantages, they are inexpensive, strongly colored, and nontoxic.[12]

Magnetite is a component of magnetic recording tapes.

See also

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References

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