Why Was the Printing Press Not Invented in China?

Why Was the Printing Press Not Invented in China?

Why didn't the printing press get developed in China when it had such a major technological lead over the West? From the time the Chinese mastered papermaking, it took over 1300 years before Europeans acquired the same skill.

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It is always tempting for people with an overly patriotic zeal to explain such differences in terms of things like "we were just so much more clever." Such explanations are silly. Instead, we need to dig deeper to uncover the root causes. The Gutenberg printing revolution was based on several components:

1. A screw press to imprint the ink-covered metal letters onto a sheet of paper.

2. An oil-based ink specifically tailored to printing.

3. A special lead, tin, and antimony alloy to cast perfect duplicates of characters quickly.

What hindered China from developing each of these components of a printing system? Alternatively, we could ask what circumstances favored Europe?

A simple metal screw press. The Gutenberg printing press used a wooden screw press.

The Missing Chinese Screw Press

It may come as a surprise to you, but neither screws nor nails were known in China when Europeans arrived in the late 16th century. This is an important fact because a screw press is essentially a large screw. It was not a new invention in the time of Gutenberg. In fact, it had been widely used in Roman times for pressing grapes and olives.

If we look at old illustrations of papermaking during the Dutch golden age, we will find that screw presses were used extensively to press sheets of paper. In other words, if Gutenberg was developing printing, he must have been exposed to the use of screw presses in papermaking. Thus, a key component of the Gutenberg printing press had many possible sources of inspiration within Europe.

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Usage of screw presses in Dutch papermaking

Chinese papermaking did not work in this manner and could thus not have inspired somebody looking into developing a printing press in China.

But why were Europeans familiar with screws? There is no clear answer to that. I would speculate that it naturally evolved from the Archimedes screw, which Archimedes described as being used in Egypt in 234 BC. The Archimedes screw was extensively used around Europe to lift water from a lower point to a higher point. For instance, the Netherlands was created to a large extent from windmill-powered Archimedes screws pumping out water and reclaiming land.

Demonstration of an Archimedes screw in operation. Used to lift water.

Why No Oil-Based Ink?

If one looks at traditional Chinese art, one will notice that it is based on watercolor rather than oil paint as is common in European art history. Oil color evolved over a long time in Europe. It is hard to know when it began, but there are recordings by German monk Theophilus, in the 12th century, warning against paint recipes including olive oil. The reason is that such oil paint would dry incredibly slowly. The real revolution in oil painting came with Flemish painter Jan van Eyck in 1410, who developed oil paint which would dry quickly.

Portrait of a man in Turban by Jan van Eyck

Thus, Gutenberg had a tradition of oil paint to draw from when developing his ink, which Chinese printers lacked. Gutenberg's oil-based ink would stick to metal types better than water-based ink.

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